''Pison'' is a

cosmopolitan Cosmopolitan may refer to: Food and drink * Cosmopolitan (cocktail), also known as a "Cosmo" History * Rootless cosmopolitan, a Soviet derogatory epithet during Joseph Stalin's anti-Semitic campaign of 1949–1953 Hotels and resorts * Cosmopoli ...

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

wasp A wasp is any insect of the narrow-waisted suborder Apocrita of the order Hymenoptera which is neither a bee nor an ant; this excludes the broad-waisted sawflies (Symphyta), which look somewhat like wasps, but are in a separate suborder. Th ...

s within the family

Crabronidae The Crabronidae are a large paraphyletic group (nominally a family) of wasps, including nearly all of the species formerly comprising the now-defunct superfamily Sphecoidea. It collectively includes well over 200 genera, containing well over 9 ...

. The genus comprises 145 described species, although many species, especially in South America remain undescribed.Bohart, Richard Mitchell, and Arnold S. Menke. Sphecid wasps of the world: a generic revision. University of California Press, 1976.

Distribution

The genus is found throughout the

tropical The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the Equator. They are defined in latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the Northern Hemisphere at N and the Tropic of Capricorn in the Southern Hemisphere at S. The tropics are also referred to ...

and warm

temperate In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (23.5° to 66.5° N/S of Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth. These zones generally have wider temperature ranges throughout t ...

regions of the world, but does not extend into the more northerly temperate regions. Most species occur in the Southern Hemisphere, with a third of species occurring in

Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, sma ...

. This distribution pattern has been thought to indicate that the genus was once much larger, and has declined in the face of competition with more competitive wasp genera, leaving the genus largely concentrated in geographically-isolated regions.Turner, Rowland E. "29. Notes On The Wasps Of The Genus Pison, And Some Allied Genera." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. Vol. 86. No. 4. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 1916. The habit of many species of building nests in holes in wood,

keyhole A lock is a mechanical or electronic fastening device that is released by a physical object (such as a key, keycard, fingerprint, RFID card, security token or coin), by supplying secret information (such as a number or letter permutation or passw ...

s, and similar situations has led to a number of species being distributed widely by

ship A ship is a large watercraft that travels the world's oceans and other sufficiently deep waterways, carrying cargo or passengers, or in support of specialized missions, such as defense, research, and fishing. Ships are generally distinguished ...

s and

aircraft An aircraft is a vehicle that is able to fly by gaining support from the air. It counters the force of gravity by using either static lift or by using the dynamic lift of an airfoil, or in a few cases the downward thrust from jet engines ...

. Several species, including '' P. argentatum'' and '' P. iridipenne'' are of uncertain native distribution, having been dispersed by humans in antiquity.

Biology

''Pison'' wasps raise their young on a diet of living, but paralysed,

spider Spiders ( order Araneae) are air-breathing arthropods that have eight legs, chelicerae with fangs generally able to inject venom, and spinnerets that extrude silk. They are the largest order of arachnids and rank seventh in total species ...

s. Spiders are collected by adult females, paralysed by means of a sting, and an egg is laid on the spider or spiders before they are sealed into a chamber constructed by the female. The paralysed spiders do not decay, and upon hatching the wasp larva eats the spider, before pupating and emerging from the chamber as an adult. While many species construct large mud nests in sheltered situations such as

cave A cave or cavern is a natural void in the ground, specifically a space large enough for a human to enter. Caves often form by the weathering of rock and often extend deep underground. The word ''cave'' can refer to smaller openings such as sea ...

s or tree hollows, other species make use of natural cavities such as hollow

plant stem A stem is one of two main structural axes of a vascular plant, the other being the root. It supports leaves, flowers and fruits, transports water and dissolved substances between the roots and the shoots in the xylem and phloem, stores nutrien ...

beetle Beetles are insects that form the order Coleoptera (), in the superorder Endopterygota. Their front pair of wings are hardened into wing-cases, elytra, distinguishing them from most other insects. The Coleoptera, with about 400,000 describ ...

burrows, or abandoned

bird nest A bird nest is the spot in which a bird lays and incubates its eggs and raises its young. Although the term popularly refers to a specific structure made by the bird itself—such as the grassy cup nest of the American robin or Eurasian bl ...

s, while still others dig their own nesting tunnels. Typically, multiple spiders-and-egg cells will be placed adjacent to one another in a larger nesting structure. Each cell is sealed off from adjoining eggs with mud or dung pellets. This sealing off of the young from each other is probably done to prevent competition and ensure that each young obtains sufficient food.

Species and other subtaxa

At one time the

''Pison'' was divided into the

subgenera In biology, a subgenus (plural: subgenera) is a taxonomic rank directly below genus. In the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, a subgeneric name can be used independently or included in a species name, in parentheses, placed between t ...

'' Pison'', '' Pisonoides'', '' Krombeiniellum'', and '' Entomopison''. These were later discarded in favor of

species group In biology, a species complex is a group of closely related organisms that are so similar in appearance and other features that the boundaries between them are often unclear. The taxa in the complex may be able to hybridize readily with each oth ...

s including (for the Americas): * '' Conforme'' * '' Fritzi'' * '' Eremnon'' * '' Delicatum'' * '' Agile'' * '' Stangei'' * '' Krombeini'' * ''

Euryops ''Euryops'' is a genus of flowering plants in the sunflower family. They are native mostly to rocky sites in southern Africa, with a few species in other parts of Africa and on the Arabian Peninsula. They produce daisy-like flowerheads from fe ...

'' * '' Cressoni'' * '' Chilense'' * '' Convexifrons'' * '' Pilosum''

Accepted species

The following species are accepted : *†'' Pison antiquum'' Antropov and Puławski, 1996 *'' Pison argentatum'' Shuckard, 1838 *'' Pison ashmeadi'' R.Turner, 1916 *'' Pison assimile'' Sickmann, 1894 *'' Pison atripenne'' , 1938 *'' Pison atrum'' (

Spinola Spinola is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Agostino Spinola (d. 1537), Italian cardinal * Alberto Spinola (born 1943), Italian water polo player * Ambrogio Spinola, 1st Marquis of the Balbases (1569–1630), Genoese banker an ...

) 1808 *'' Pison auratum'' Shuckard, 1838 *'' Pison aureosericeum'' Rohwer, 1915 *'' Pison aurifex'' F. Smith, 1869 *'' Pison auriventre'' R.Turner, 1908 *'' Pison baguione'' Tsuneki, 1983 *'' Pison barbatum''

Evans Evans may refer to: People *Evans (surname) *List of people with surname Evans Places United States *Evans Island, an island of Alaska *Evans, Colorado *Evans, Georgia *Evans County, Georgia *Evans, New York *Evans Mills, New York *Evans City, ...

, 1981 *'' Pison basale'' F. Smith, 1869 *'' Pison biroi'' Tsuneki, 1983 *'' Pison bismarckianum'' Tsuneki, 1982 *'' Pison brasilium'' Menke, 1988 *'' Pison browni'' ( Ashmead), 1905 *'' Pison cameronii''

Kohl Kohl may refer to: *Kohl (cosmetics), an ancient eye cosmetic *Kohl (surname), including a list of people with the surname *Kohl's Kohl's (stylized in all caps) is an American department store retail chain, operated by Kohl's Corporation. ...

, 1893 *'' Pison carinatum'' R.Turner, 1917 *'' Pison chilense''

, 1851 *'' Pison chrysops'' Menke, 1988 *'' Pison chrysoptilum'' Antropov, 1994 *'' Pison ciliatum''

, 1981 *†'' Pison cockerellae'' Rohwer, 1908 *'' Pison collare''

, 1884 *'' Pison conforme'' F. Smith, 1869 *'' Pison congener'' R.Turner, 1916 *'' Pison cressoni'' Rohwer, 1911 *'' Pison decipiens'' F. Smith, 1869 *'' Pison delicatum'' Menke, 1988 *'' Pison dementia'' Menke, 1988 *'' Pison denticeps'' Cameron, 1910 *'' Pison deperditum'' R.Turner, 1917 *'' Pison differens'' R.Turner, 1916 *'' Pison difficile''

Turner Turner may refer to: People and fictional characters *Turner (surname), a common surname, including a list of people and fictional characters with the name * Turner (given name), a list of people with the given name *One who uses a lathe for turni ...

, 1908 *'' Pison dimidiatum'' F. Smith, 1869 *'' Pison dives'' R.Turner, 1916 *'' Pison doggonum'' Menke, 1988 *'' Pison duckei'' Menke, 1968 *†'' Pison electrum'' Antropov and Puławski, 1989 *†'' Pison eocenicum'' Nel, 2005 *'' Pison erebus'' Menke, 1988 *'' Pison eremnon'' Menke, 1968 *'' Pison erimaense'' Tsuneki, 1983 *'' Pison erythrocerum''

, 1885 *'' Pison erythrogastrum'' Rohwer, 1915 *'' Pison erythropus''

, 1884 *'' Pison esakii'' , 1937 *'' Pison eu'' Menke, 1988 *'' Pison euryops'' Menke, 1988 *'' Pison exclusum'' R.Turner, 1916 *'' Pison exornatum'' R.Turner, 1916 *'' Pison exultans'' R.Turner, 1916 *'' Pison eyvae'' Menke, 1988 *'' Pison fasciatum'' ( Radoszkowski) 1876 *'' Pison fenestratum'' F. Smith, 1869 *'' Pison festivum'' F. Smith, 1869 *'' Pison fraterculus'' R.Turner, 1916 *'' Pison fritzi'' Menke, 1988 *'' Pison fuscipenne'' F. Smith, 1869 *'' Pison glabrum''

, 1908 *†'' Pison glyptum''

Zhang Zhang may refer to: Chinese culture, etc. * Zhang (surname) (張/张), common Chinese surname ** Zhang (surname 章), a rarer Chinese surname * Zhang County (漳县), of Dingxi, Gansu * Zhang River (漳河), a river flowing mainly in Henan * ''Zha ...

, 1989 *'' Pison hahadzimaense'' Tsuneki, 1984 *'' Pison hissaricum'' , 1937 *'' Pison hospes'' F. Smith, 1879 *'' Pison huonense'' Tsuneki, 1983 *'' Pison icarioides''

, 1908 *'' Pison ignavum'' R.Turner, 1908 *'' Pison impunctatum'' R.Turner, 1912 *'' Pison inaequale'' R.Turner, 1916 *'' Pison inconspicuum'' R.Turner, 1916 *'' Pison infumatum'' R.Turner, 1908 *'' Pison insigne'' Sickmann, 1894 *'' Pison insulare'' F. Smith, 1869 *'' Pison iridipenne'' F. Smith, 1879 *'' Pison irramulus'' T. Li and Q. Li, 2011 *'' Pison Kohlii'' Bingham, 1897 *'' Pison koreense'' ( Radoszkowski) 1887 *'' Pison korrorense'' , 1937 *'' Pison krombeini'' Menke, 1968 *'' Pison laeve'' F. Smith, 1856 *'' Pison larsoni'' Menke, 1988 *'' Pison lillo'' Menke, 1988 *'' Pison liupanshanense'' T. Li and Q. Li, 2011 *'' Pison lobiferum'' Arnold, 1945 *'' Pison lutescens'' R.Turner, 1916 *'' Pison maculipenne'' F. Smith, 1860 *'' Pison maculipenne'' F. Smith, 1873 *'' Pison marginatum'' F. Smith, 1856 *'' Pison mariannense'' , 1953 *'' Pison martini'' Menke, 1988 *'' Pison melanocephalum'' R.Turner, 1908 *†'' Pison menkei''

Bennett Bennett may refer to: People *Bennett (name), including a list of people with the surname and given name Places Canada * Bennett, Alberta *Bennett, British Columbia * Bennett Lake, in the British Columbia and Yukon Territory **Bennett Range **Benn ...

and Engel, 2008 *'' Pison meridionale'' R.Turner, 1916 *'' Pison mimicum'' Arnold, 1945 *'' Pison morosum'' F. Smith, 1856 *'' Pison multistrigatum'' R.Turner, 1917 *'' Pison neotropicum'' Menke, 1968 *'' Pison nigellum'' Krombein, 1949 *'' Pison ningyuenfuense'' Antropov, 1994 *'' Pison nitidum'' F. Smith, 1859 *'' Pison noctulum'' R.Turner, 1908 *'' Pison nogorombu'' Puławski, 1989 *'' Pison nosferatu'' Menke, 1988 *'' Pison novabritanicae'' Tsuneki, 1982 *'' Pison novaguineanum'' Tsuneki, 1983 *'' Pison novocaledonicum'' Krombein, 1949 *'' Pison nozakae'' Tsuneki, 1983 *'' Pison oakleyi'' Krombein, 1949 *'' Pison obesum'' Arnold, 1958 *'' Pison obliquum'' F. Smith, 1856 *'' Pison obliteratum'' F. Smith, 1858 *†'' Pison oligocenum'' Cockerell in Rohwer, 1908 *'' Pison orientale'' Cameron, 1897 *'' Pison pallidipalpe'' F. Smith, 1863 *'' Pison papuanum'' W. Schulz, 1905 *'' Pison pasteelsi'' Leclercq, 1965 *'' Pison peletieri'' , 1841 *'' Pison pentafasciatum'' Menke, 1988 *'' Pison perplexum'' F. Smith, 1856 *'' Pison pertinax'' R.Turner, 1908 *'' Pison petularum'' Leclercq, 1965 *'' Pison phthinylla'' Menke, 1988 *'' Pison pistillum'' Menke, 1988 *'' Pison plaumanni'' Menke, 1968 *'' Pison ponape'' Krombein, 1949 *'' Pison pregustum'' Leclercq, 1965 *'' Pison premunitum'' Leclercq, 1965 *'' Pison priscum'' R.Turner, 1916 *'' Pison pulawskii'' Antropov, 1994 *'' Pison pulchrinum'' R.Turner, 1916 *'' Pison punctifrons'' Shuckard, 1838 *'' Pison punctulatum''

, 1884 *'' Pison regale'' F. Smith, 1852 *'' Pison repentinum'' Arnold, 1940 *'' Pison rothneyi'' Cameron, 1897 *'' Pison rufipes'' Shuckard, 1838 *'' Pison rufitarse'' Arnold, 1944 *'' Pison rugosum'' F. Smith, 1856 *'' Pison sarawakense'' Cameron, 1903 *'' Pison scabrum'' R.Turner, 1908 *'' Pison scruposum'' Arnold, 1955 *'' Pison separatum'' F. Smith, 1869 *'' Pison sericeum''

, 1888 *'' Pison seyrigi'' Arnold, 1945 *'' Pison simillimum'' F. Smith, 1869 *'' Pison simulans'' R.Turner, 1915 *'' Pison sogdianum'' , 1937 *'' Pison speculare'' R.Turner, 1911 *'' Pison spinolae'' Shuckard, 1838 *'' Pison stangei'' Menke, 1968 *'' Pison strandi'' , 1935 *'' Pison strenuum'' R.Turner, 1916 *'' Pison strictifrons'' , 1907 *'' Pison strigulosum'' R.Turner, 1917 *'' Pison susanae'' Cheesman, 1955 *'' Pison sylphe'' Menke, 1988 *'' Pison tahitense'' de Saussure, 1867 *'' Pison tenebrosum'' R.Turner, 1908 *'' Pison testaceipes'' R.Turner, 1916 *'' Pison tibiale'' F. Smith, 1869 *'' Pison tosawai'' , 1935 *'' Pison transvaalense'' Cameron, 1910 *'' Pison transversistriatum'' Simon Thomas, 1993 *'' Pison trukense'' , 1953 *'' Pison ugandense'' Arnold, 1955 *'' Pison vechti'' Antropov, 1994 *'' Pison vestitum'' F. Smith, 1856 *'' Pison virosum'' R.Turner, 1908 *'' Pison wagneri'' Arnold, 1932 *'' Pison westwoodii'' Shuckard, 1838 *'' Pison woji'' Menke, 1988 *'' Pison wollastoni'' R.Turner, 1916 *'' Pison xanthopus'' ( Brullé) 1833

''Pison'' nomina nuda

The following are not officially described and have

nomen nudum In taxonomy, a ''nomen nudum'' ('naked name'; plural ''nomina nuda'') is a designation which looks exactly like a scientific name of an organism, and may have originally been intended to be one, but it has not been published with an adequate descr ...

status: *'' Pison aurifer'' de Saussure *'' Pison punctatus'' Ashmead

Species previously in ''Pison''

These species have been transferred from ''Pison'' to other genera: *'' Entomopison alini'' Antropov, 1996 *'' Pisonopsis areolatum''

, 1851 *'' Entomopison aureofaciale''

Strand Strand may refer to: Topography *The flat area of land bordering a body of water, a: ** Beach ** Shoreline * Strand swamp, a type of swamp habitat in Florida Places Africa * Strand, Western Cape, a seaside town in South Africa * Strand Street ...

, 1910 *'' Aulacophilinus caliginosus'' R.Turner, 1908 *'' Entomopison convexifrons'' Taschenberg, 1870 *'' Entomopison cooperi'' Menke, 1988 *'' Scapheutes flavopictum'' F. Smith, 1860 *'' Entomopison gnythos'' Menke, 1988 *'' Scapheutes laetum'' F. Smith, 1860 *'' Entomopison longicorne'' Menke, 1988 *'' Aulacophilinus mandibulatum'' R.Turner, 1916 *'' Trypoxylonvaripes nasutum'' Tsuneki *'' Entomopison oaxaca'' Menke, 1988 *'' Bothynostethus paraense''

, 1851 *'' Entomopison pilosum'' F. Smith, 1873 *'' Aulacophilinus pyrrhicum'' Naumann, 1990 *'' Trypoxylon sapporoense'' Tsuneki *'' Entomopison sphaerophallus'' Menke, 1988 *'' Pisonopsis variicornis''

Reed Reed or Reeds may refer to: Science, technology, biology, and medicine * Reed bird (disambiguation) * Reed pen, writing implement in use since ancient times * Reed (plant), one of several tall, grass-like wetland plants of the order Poales * ...

, 1894 *'' Entomopison vincenti'' Menke, 1988 *'' Entomopison wasbaueri'' Menke, 1988 *'' Aulacophilinus weiri'' Naumann, 1990

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q4046999 Crabronidae Hymenoptera of Australia